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qšy (qəšē) adj. hard
√ qšy vb.
1
hard
Common Aramaic
BT Pes 111b(11)↗ כל דקשי {{סול}} סלויה קשי טוליה‏ : the shade of any (bush) whose thorn is hard is harmful
(1)
(gram.) pronounced in the hard manner (i.e. with quššāyā)
Syr
ET 15:8 ܗܠܝܢ ܓܝܪ ܫܡܗ̈ܐ ܘܡ̈ܠܐ ܟܕ ܩܫܝ̈ܬܐ ܐܝܬܝܗܝܢ ܡܫܪܝܢܝ̈ܬܐ ܕܝܠܗܘܢ‏ : these nouns and verbs when their initial letters are hardened
(2)
fem. subst.: see s.v. qšytˀ
SyrLex, JBA
EN 51:v62↗ text not cited
2
difficult
Common Aramaic
TAD C1.1(Ahiqar) .85↗ מנדעם קשה‏ ; 4QEnGiantsc02.8↗ כו]ל עובד קשה‏ ; TgO Ex1:14↗ בְפוּלחָנָא קַשיָא בְטִינָא‏ : with hard labor in the clay ; GT D Exod6:9↗ וּמֶ̇ן̇ פֶלְ̇חָ̇נָא קַשְיָא דַּהֲוָה עֲ̇ל̇[יהון‏ ; P Ex18:26↗ ܦܬܓܡܐ ܕܩܫ݂ܐ‏ : a matter that is difficult ; BT Er 45a(13)↗ אי קשיא הא קשיא‏ : if there is a difficulty [lit. it is difficult], this (case) is difficult ; PJ Ex1:14↗ בפולחנא קשייא בטינא‏
(1)
of water: rough, cataract
OfAEg
TAD B2.3 R.7↗ מערב לה בית אספמת בר פפטעונית מלח זי מיא קשיא‏ : west of it is the house of PN, a cataract boatman
(2)
wild
Syr
Ming1 198:14 ܟܠ̈ܒܐ ܩ܃ܫܝܐ‏
(1)
dangerous
Syr, JBA
PO8 66:1 ܡܪܬܐ ܩܫܝܬܐ‏ : dangerous venom ; BT Šab 129b(28)↗ שתייה לאלתר הוא דמעלי לבתר הכי ומקמי הכי קשי ְ דרִנכִנג ִממֶדִַתֶלי ִס ַדvַנתַגֶֹֻס٠ סֹ בֶfֹרֶ תהַת ֹר ַfתֶר תהַת ִת ִס דַנגֶרֹֻס̇‏ : it is drinking immediately that is beneficial, so before that or after that it is dangerous? ; BT Yom 28b(46)↗ זיחא דשמשא קשי משימשא‏ : the sun's radiance is more dangerous than the sun
(1)
+ ל_ : causing a negative result
JBA
BT Ḥul 105b(20)↗ משום דקשי לרוח צ{רד}<דר>א‏ : because it causes vertigo
(3)
dense, difficult to traverse
CPA, Syr
CPA Is40:4↗ ܘܟܘܠ ܩܫܝܐ̈ܬܐ ܠܡܝܫܪ̈ܝܢ݁݁ ̈‏ : all the rugged places [shall be made] into plains ; FMSD 13.2:6↗ ܛܘܪ̈ܝܢ ܩܫ̈ܝܢ܃ ܗܝܟ ܫܘܪܐ ܠܗܠܝܢ ܕܠܐ ܡܟܪ̈ܝܢ ܐܬܪܐ ܕܠܐ ܥܠܠܐ‏ : rugged mountains like a wall for those who are not familiar with the place, impassable ; DeMundo 155:24↗ ܛܘܪ̈ܐ ܩܫ̈ܝܐ‏ : rugged mountains
(4)
providing a contradiction
JBA, JBAg
BT Meg 12a(5)↗ קשו קראיי אהדדי‏ : the scriptural passages contradict each other
(1)
subst.: an apparent contradiction, difficulty
JBA, JBAg
BT RH 4a(30)↗ הא לא קשיא‏ : look here: that is not a problem
3
strong, tough
Common Aramaic
TgJ Is19:4↗ רִיבוֹן קְשֵי וֻמַלַך תַקִיף‏ : strong lord and powerful king ; P Is48:4↗ ܕܩܫܐ ܐܢܬ‏ ; BT Yom 29a(2)↗ שילהי קיטא קשו מקיטא‏ : the last days of summer are harder (to bear) than the summer (itself)
(1)
harsh
Syr
(1)
(taste)
Syr
Geop 47:17↗ ܐܝܟܢܐ ‍{‍ܠ‍}‍‍<‍ܢ‍>‍ܥܒܕ ܐܢܫ ܚܡܪܐ ܗܢܝܐܐ ܡܢ ܩܫܝܐ‏ : how one may make pleasing wine out of a harsh-tasting one
(2)
(words)
Syr
Asceticon 109:9↗ ܡܠܬܐ ܩܫܝܬܐ‏
(2)
vehement, serious, severe
CPA, Syr, JBA
Med 441:18 ܐܣܬܲܟ݁ܠ ܕܣܲܬ݂ܘܵܐ ܩܲܫܝܐ ܗ݀ܵܘܹܐ‏ : understand that there will be a hard winter ; OS MkSin1:32↗ ܟܠܗܘܢ ܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܒܝܫ ܒܝܫ ܥܒܝܕܝܢ ܗܘܘ ܒܟܘܪ̈ܗܢܐ ܩܫ̈ܝܐ‏ : all those who had been made very sick with severe illnesses ; TB 2:22.6↗ ܟܘܪܗܢܗܘܢ ܩܫܝܐ‏ : their severe illness
(3)
bold, impudent
Qumran, JLAtg, Syr
4QEna1.2.13↗ ות]מרון עלוהי רברבן וקשין‏ : you speak great and bold things about/against him ; TgO Gen42:7↗ וֻמַלֵיל עִימְהוֹן קַשיָן‏ : he spoke harshly with them ; P Is48:4↗ ܝ݁ܕܥ ܐܢܐ ܕܩܫܐ ܐܢܬ܂ ܘܩܕܠܟ ܓܝܕܐ ܗܘ ܕܦܪܙܠܐ‏ ; IshGen 86:11↗ ܡܦܩ ܒܪܘܚܗ ܩܫܐ ܡ݂ܢ ܣܟܠܘܬܗ‏ : his excuse is worse than his sin
(4)
+ neck (qdl) : stubborn
JLAtg, CPA, Syr
TgO Ex32:9↗ קְשֵי קְדָל‏ ; TgJ Is48:4↗ דְאַת סָרְבָן וֻקשֵי כְבַרזְלָא קְדָלָך‏ : you are stubborn and your neck is as hard as iron ; AphDem11.207:15↗ ܘܩܕܠܗܘܢ ܩܫܝܐ ܠܐ ܐܪܟܢܘ ܠܫܘܥܒܕܐ ܕܢܡܘܣܐ‏ : they did not bend their stubborn neck to the law's subjugation ; LG 22:19(3)↗ ܩܲܫ̈ܝܲܝ ܩܕܵܠܵܐ‏
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✎Notes & Bibliography▶
Page refs. in other dictionaries: LS2: 1419[703]DJPA: 508aDJBA: 1049aJastrow: 1430Drower/Macuch: 403b, 404aPayne-Smith ~: 3767J. Payne-Smith: 521Levy Ch-W: 2:394Tal Sam: 805DNWSI: 1038DCPA[Schulthess]: 384[186]Qumran: 214
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Wed, 11 Nov 2026 16:27:59 -0500